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The Techniques of Learning:
From the outside, learning looks like one single
process. In fact it is not. When we learn, we use a combination of
techniques which, beause they don't belong to any particular subject,
can be applied to all subjects.Benjmain Bloom in his book 'Taxonomy
of Educational Objectives' identifies five techniques of learning.
These can be summarized as follows:
Comprehension: Take as an example the
statement "All human beings are either introverts or extroverts."
You almost certainly know what it meant by the terms "introvert"
and extrovert" and understand that the statement is generalizing
from them. In other words, the assertion means something to you.
You comprehend it.
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Application: It is possible comprehend
statements (or ideas, or arguments, or books) that are untrue. "All
cats are green" is a false statement, but that does not stop
you rom comprehending it. How do you know it is false? By application.
the statement does not match up to experience: Cats come in a good
many colors but never in green.
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Evaluation:
To evaluate something is to judge its value for
a given purpose.
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Analysis:
When the sentence is short, it is easily comprehended.
Longer works, like Shakespeare's Macbeth, need to be broken fdown.
Structure, concepts, themes, patterns, language, character, and
style (to name but a few) each become separate subjects of comprehension
and evaluation.
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Synthesis:
Molding of ideas into a single argument is a
process of synthesis."Of making many
books, there is no end," concludes the writer of Ecclesiastes
glumly, " and much study is a weariness of the flesh"
(Ecclesiastes 12: 12).He is right on both counts. Like it
or not, knowledge is passed on through books. Since you can not
possibly read all of the books available on any given subject, you
must be selective in your reading. This changes the impossibility
of reading everything on a given subject into the possibility of
reading what is most imprtant on the subject. Also, you need to
read in the most efficient manner possible.
Efficient Reading:
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Overview: Use the book's own entry system-te
contents page. Browse over chapter ehadings, illustrations, photos,
and tables. Skim it to get a long range impressions./div>
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Preview: Zoom in on the chapters relevant
to you. Concentrate particularly on opening paragraphs (of chapters
or sections), since most writers tend to summarize ideas here.
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Inview:Move on from relevant opening paragraphs
to follow th ideas further. Aim to comprehend the argument of a
complete section or chapter without getting bogged down in complexities.
get a feel for the place of this section in the wider sweep of the
book.
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Review: Now move back to work through
the difficult passages (you should know by now whether this is worth
the time). Make notes summarizing the writer's ideas. make quotations
short, apt, and memorable, not forgetting to note the page number.
At ther end-or in the margin as you go-jot down your evaluation
of what you've read.
The TOP Student:
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TRUST: If you feel overwhelmed at the
prospect of studying, remember this: Committing yourself to learn
is always an adventure of faith. No one else can learn for you;
the contest is between you and the subject you're studying. It is
in the nature of learning that mastery comes with time. Einstein
didn't discover the theory of relativity when he was in diapers.
In other words, trust-in God and yourself-operates in the long term.(
Incidentally, don't be too trusting of people on the other side
of the lectern, since it is also in the nature of learning that
nobody gets it right all the time.)
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ORGANIZE: Study is basically a process
of organizing facs and ideas. Therefore the skills that help you
organize-skills of thinking, reading, evaluating, assimilating,
and relating-are of prime importance. Cultivate efficient ways to
record, memorize, and retrieve information.If your impossibility
is financial rather than academic, try turning your academic skill
toward your practical problem. Keep focussed on the vision you have
for your education, and keep reinforcing your resolve in order to
make the sacrifices necessary to realize your goal.
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PERSIST:
"If any of you lacks wisdom," writes
James, " Let him ask of God who gives to all liberally and
without reproach, and it will be given him." (James 1:5). It
is not stretching the text too far to sugges that part of the wisdom
James is talking about has to do with education. certainly, as with
prayer, the rewards of study do not come immediately. They have
to be worked for, unearthed,slowly amassed. But never lose heart.
Persistence will get you there, and you will find some pleasant
surprises on the way.Every now and then in the process of study
come moments of enlightenment so dazzling and satisfying they make
many hours of work worthwhile.
Be encouraged. "BE CAREFUL
WHAT YOU CALL IMPOSSIBLE".
Yes, It's possible, if you study diligently! All the best.
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